WIND-Bench: A Benchmark Dataset for In-Situ Near-Surface Wind Speed Across the Conterminous United States

Accurate wind forecasts are essential for operational decision-making and public safety, yet forecasts tend to miss near-surface high wind speeds in complex terrain. In response, recent advances in machine learning (ML) weather prediction methods have demonstrated the ability to improve forecast skill beyond traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. However, the absence of a benchmark dataset to evaluate NWP and ML models with sufficient, quality-controlled wind speed observations in complex terrain poses challenges to the development and intercomparison of high-quality surface wind forecasts across the Coterminous United States (CONUS).

We develop Wind IN-situ Data Benchmark (WIND-Bench), a novel benchmark dataset from in-situ observations in the Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) observational network. WIND-Bench integrates multiple sensor networks with quality control that distinguishes sensor failures from high-wind conditions, using a framework that validates observations against forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model. WIND-Bench provides a standardized benchmark for evaluating ML and NWP models and for quantifying forecast skill, accelerating the development, evaluation, and operational deployment of skilled near-surface wind forecasts.

Note that this data is accompanied by a manuscript with comprehensive documentation that is being submitted to a journal in August 2026. The manuscript will be linked here when available.