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Outdoor Deployment Data for a Four-Terminal GaAs//Si Tandem Solar Mini-Module

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This dataset contains the complete outdoor measurement and analysis data for a mechanically stacked, four-terminal (4T) gallium arsenide (GaAs)//silicon (Si) tandem solar mini-module deployed from October 2019 to January 2021 at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) in Golden, Colorado, USA. The data support a performance modeling and degradation analysis framework for tandem photovoltaic devices, as described in the accompanying publication. The dataset includes: (1) current?voltage (J?V) characteristics of each sub-cell measured approximately every five minutes, with extracted performance parameters; (2) spectral irradiance from an EKO MS-710 WISER spectroradiometer, along with derived spectral mismatch ratios (SMR) and average photon energy (APE); (3) one-minute resolution meteorological data from the co-located SRRL weather station and GPS-derived precipitable water vapor (PWV); (4) pre-deployment laboratory characterization (external quantum efficiency, J?V curves, standard test conditions parameters); (5) outdoor-extracted temperature and PWV correction coefficients; and (6) PVcircuit equivalent-circuit simulation outputs used for model validation. Degradation rates of ?4.1 ± 0.2 %/year (GaAs) and ?2.5 ± 0.9 %/year (Si) were determined using a filtering and normalization methodology adapted for fixed-tilt tandem modules. All data are provided in open, portable formats (Apache Parquet, CSV, JSON) to enable full reproducibility of the published analysis.

The dataset comprises 32 files (~3.6 GB) organized into six subdirectories: module_performance/ contains Parquet files with scalar Jâ€“V parameters (Voc, Isc, Pmp) and environmental conditions for each sub-cell measurement, plus CSV files with full IV curve data points; spectral/ contains Parquet files of OTF-corrected spectroradiometer data (807 wavelength channels, 343â€“1650 nm), derived spectral mismatch ratios, and average photon energy; meteorological/ contains a Parquet file of one-minute SRRL weather station data (27 selected channels from 236 available) and a CSV of GPS-derived precipitable water vapor; lab_reference/ contains the pre-deployment laboratory characterization (EQE, IV, STC parameters) in Excel and CSV formats, plus the ASTM G173 AM1.5G reference spectrum; coefficients/ contains CSV files of outdoor-extracted temperature and PWV correction coefficients with a JSON summary; and model/ contains PVcircuit simulation outputs (JSON and Parquet) for measured-vs.-modeled comparisons of power, Voc, and temperature-dependent behavior. A machine-readable manifest.json lists all files with their paths and sizes.

The dataset comprises 32 files (~3.6 GB) organized into six subdirectories: module_performance/ contains Parquet files with scalar J?V parameters (Voc, Isc, Pmp) and ... more

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Citation Formats

TY  - DATA
AB  - This dataset contains the complete outdoor measurement and analysis data for a mechanically stacked, four-terminal (4T) gallium arsenide (GaAs)//silicon (Si) tandem solar mini-module deployed from October 2019 to January 2021 at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) in Golden, Colorado, USA. The data support a performance modeling and degradation analysis framework for tandem photovoltaic devices, as described in the accompanying publication. The dataset includes: (1) currentâ€“voltage (Jâ€“V) characteristics of each sub-cell measured approximately every five minutes, with extracted performance parameters; (2) spectral irradiance from an EKO MS-710 WISER spectroradiometer, along with derived spectral mismatch ratios (SMR) and average photon energy (APE); (3) one-minute resolution meteorological data from the co-located SRRL weather station and GPS-derived precipitable water vapor (PWV); (4) pre-deployment laboratory characterization (external quantum efficiency, Jâ€“V curves, standard test conditions parameters); (5) outdoor-extracted temperature and PWV correction coefficients; and (6) PVcircuit equivalent-circuit simulation outputs used for model validation. Degradation rates of âˆ’4.1 Â± 0.2 %/year (GaAs) and âˆ’2.5 Â± 0.9 %/year (Si) were determined using a filtering and normalization methodology adapted for fixed-tilt tandem modules. All data are provided in open, portable formats (Apache Parquet, CSV, JSON) to enable full reproducibility of the published analysis.
AU  - Springer, Martin
A2  - Witteck, Robert
A3  - Silverman, Tim
A4  - Geisz, John
A5  - McMahon, Bill
A6  - Warren, Emily
DB  - Open Energy Data Initiative (OEDI)
DP  - Open EI | National Laboratory of the Rockies
DO  - 
KW  - tandem photovoltaics
KW  - GaAs//Si
KW  - four-terminal
KW  - outdoor deployment
KW  - degradation rate
KW  - spectral mismatch
KW  - performance modeling
KW  - current-voltage characteristics
KW  - solar
KW  - mini-module
KW  - standard test conditions
KW  - temperature coefficients
KW  - PVcircuit
LA  - English
DA  - 2026/04/03
PY  - 2026
PB  - National Laboratory of the Rockies
T1  - Outdoor Deployment Data for a Four-Terminal GaAs//Si Tandem Solar Mini-Module
UR  - https://data.openei.org/submissions/8654
ER  -

Export Citation to RIS

Springer, Martin, et al. Outdoor Deployment Data for a Four-Terminal GaAs//Si Tandem Solar Mini-Module. National Laboratory of the Rockies, 3 April, 2026, NREL. https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/324.

Springer, M., Witteck, R., Silverman, T., Geisz, J., McMahon, B., & Warren, E. (2026). Outdoor Deployment Data for a Four-Terminal GaAs//Si Tandem Solar Mini-Module. [Data set]. NREL. National Laboratory of the Rockies. https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/324

Springer, Martin, Robert Witteck, Tim Silverman, John Geisz, Bill McMahon, and Emily Warren. Outdoor Deployment Data for a Four-Terminal GaAs//Si Tandem Solar Mini-Module. National Laboratory of the Rockies, April, 3, 2026.  Distributed by NREL. https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/324

@misc{OEDI_Dataset_8654,
title = {Outdoor Deployment Data for a Four-Terminal GaAs//Si Tandem Solar Mini-Module},
author = {Springer, Martin and Witteck, Robert and Silverman, Tim and Geisz, John and McMahon, Bill and Warren, Emily},
abstractNote = {This dataset contains the complete outdoor measurement and analysis data for a mechanically stacked, four-terminal (4T) gallium arsenide (GaAs)//silicon (Si) tandem solar mini-module deployed from October 2019 to January 2021 at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) in Golden, Colorado, USA. The data support a performance modeling and degradation analysis framework for tandem photovoltaic devices, as described in the accompanying publication. The dataset includes: (1) current?voltage (J?V) characteristics of each sub-cell measured approximately every five minutes, with extracted performance parameters; (2) spectral irradiance from an EKO MS-710 WISER spectroradiometer, along with derived spectral mismatch ratios (SMR) and average photon energy (APE); (3) one-minute resolution meteorological data from the co-located SRRL weather station and GPS-derived precipitable water vapor (PWV); (4) pre-deployment laboratory characterization (external quantum efficiency, J?V curves, standard test conditions parameters); (5) outdoor-extracted temperature and PWV correction coefficients; and (6) PVcircuit equivalent-circuit simulation outputs used for model validation. Degradation rates of ?4.1 ± 0.2 \%/year (GaAs) and ?2.5 ± 0.9 \%/year (Si) were determined using a filtering and normalization methodology adapted for fixed-tilt tandem modules. All data are provided in open, portable formats (Apache Parquet, CSV, JSON) to enable full reproducibility of the published analysis.},
url = {https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/324},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {NREL, National Laboratory of the Rockies, https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/324},
note = {Accessed: 2026-09-29}
}

Details

Data from Apr 3, 2026

Last updated Apr 3, 2026

Submitted Apr 3, 2026